Grammar

Adjectives placed before a noun must take an ending that matches the noun's gender, case and whether a definite or indefinite article precedes it.

Adjectives used after sein, werden and bleiben do not take any ending — they never change form.

Frequently used German adverbs of time, frequency and manner — with meanings and example sentences.

German adverbs form their comparative by adding -er and their superlative with am …-sten. Several common adverbs are irregular and must be learnt.

Learn the three German definite articles and how they change in the Nominative, Accusative and Dative cases.

How to use the German indefinite article ein/eine and how it declines across cases.

The Accusative is the case of the direct object — the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action.

The Dative marks the indirect object — describing to whom or for whom an action is done. All genders change in the Dative.

The Genitive case in German is used to show that something belongs to someone, similar to 's in English. It changes article and adjective endings.

The Nominative is the case of the subject — the person or thing performing the action. It is the base form of all nouns.

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn, sondern) that keep normal word order, and common subordinating conjunctions that send the verb to the end.

Subordinating conjunctions introduce a dependent clause and send the conjugated verb to the very end of that clause. The three most common are weil (because), dass (that) and wenn (when/if).

Master German language structure including parts of speech, cases, tenses, and sentence construction.

In German, all nouns — not just proper names — are written with a capital first letter.

How to determine the grammatical gender (der/die/das) of German nouns using gender rules and common patterns.

The six main plural patterns in German and how to recognise them.

The five German prepositions that always take the Accusative case — durch, für, gegen, ohne, um.

Prepositions that always take Dative, and the nine two-way prepositions that use Dative (location) or Accusative (direction).

The German personal pronouns in Nominative, Accusative and Dative — who does the action, who receives it, and to/for whom.

How to express ownership in German using mein, dein, sein, ihr and the other possessive pronouns.

How to negate sentences in German using nicht (not) and kein/keine (no / not a).

How to form yes/no questions and W-questions (who, what, when, where, why, how) in German.

Relative clauses add extra information about a noun. They are introduced by a relative pronoun (der, die, das, den…) which matches the noun's gender and the clause's case, and the verb goes to the end.

German word order rules — the verb-second rule in main clauses, inversion, and verb-final in subordinate clauses.

The letter ß (Eszett) and ss both represent the /ss/ sound in German. The rule is simple — ß comes after a long vowel or diphthong, ss comes after a short vowel.

How to read, write and use the German umlaut letters ä, ö, ü and the Eszett ß.

German Futur I is formed with werden + infinitive and is used to talk about future events, intentions, and predictions.

How to form and use the German Perfekt (present perfect) with haben or sein plus a past participle.

How to use the German Präteritum (simple past), especially for sein, haben and modal verbs.

Many common German verbs change their stem vowel in the du and er/sie/es forms of the present tense. These are called strong verbs and must be learnt individually.

The imperative mood is used to give commands, instructions or requests. German has three imperative forms — for du, ihr and Sie.

The six German modal verbs, their meanings and conjugation patterns in the present tense.

How to conjugate regular German verbs in the present tense, including stem-changing verbs.

Reflexive verbs describe actions done to or for oneself. They are used with reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich…) and are very common in German.

Full conjugation of the two most important German verbs — sein (to be) and haben (to have).

How separable verbs work in German main clauses, questions and subordinate clauses.