Circuits

Electric current is the flow of charge around a circuit, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (potential difference) is the energy given to each unit of charge by the battery, measured in volts (V). Ohm's Law connects current, voltage, and resistance.

Every electrical circuit is made up of components such as wires, batteries, bulbs, switches, and resistors. Each component has a standard symbol used in circuit diagrams. Knowing these symbols lets you read and draw circuits correctly.

Electricity can be dangerous if used incorrectly. Safety features like fuses, circuit breakers, and earthing protect people and appliances from damage. Understanding why we use these features helps prevent accidents at home and at school.

Electrical power tells us how fast energy is being transferred in a circuit. It is calculated using P = IV (power equals current times voltage). Electrical energy is simply power multiplied by time, measured in joules or kilowatt-hours.

The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in electric circuits.

In a parallel circuit components are connected across the same two points, giving multiple paths for current. Voltage is the same across all branches but currents add up.

In a series circuit all components are connected end-to-end in a single loop. The same current flows through every component, but voltages add up.

Magnets have two poles — north and south. Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. Every magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field that can be shown using field lines. Magnetic fields can be created by electric currents in a wire (electromagnetism).