Systems

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the main chip in a computer that carries out instructions and performs calculations.

Hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. Understanding the main components and their roles is essential for studying how computers work.

RAM is the computer's short-term working memory, storing programs and data that are currently being used.

Storage devices permanently save programs and data even when the computer is switched off.

Study of computer hardware, networking, operating systems, and security principles.

The internet is a global network of computers that communicate using agreed protocols to share data and services.

An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to every device on a network, allowing data to be sent to the right destination.

A computer network connects devices so they can communicate and share resources. Understanding networks is essential for grasping how the internet, cloud services, and everyday communication work.

Data packets are small chunks that large messages are broken into for transmission across a network, then reassembled at the destination.

File management is how an operating system organises, stores, names, and provides access to files on a storage device.

Multitasking allows an operating system to run multiple programs at the same time by rapidly switching the CPU between them.

An operating system is the core software that manages a computer's hardware and provides services for all other programs. Without it, no other software could run.

Malware is malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to computer systems.

A strong password is one of the most effective ways to protect your online accounts from unauthorised access.

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorised access, damage, or attack. Understanding common threats and defences is essential for every digital citizen.

Application software consists of programs designed to help users perform specific tasks, such as word processing, browsing, or gaming.

Software is the set of instructions that tells a computer what to do. It is divided into system software, which manages the hardware, and application software, which serves the user's needs.

System software manages the hardware and provides a platform for application software to run.