Plants

Study of plant structure, photosynthesis, and reproduction mechanisms in the plant kingdom.

Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants that absorbs light energy, giving leaves their green colour.

Plants exchange gases with the atmosphere mainly through tiny pores called stomata on their leaves, which open and close to control gas flow.

Photosynthesis is powered by light — the more light a plant receives, the faster it can photosynthesise, up to a maximum rate. Light intensity is one of several factors that can limit how quickly photosynthesis occurs.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose and oxygen.

Flowers are the reproductive organs of flowering plants. Pollination transfers pollen from one flower to another, leading to fertilisation and seed production.

Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesis, with a flat blade, network of veins, and thousands of stomata for gas exchange.

Roots anchor plants in the soil and absorb water and dissolved minerals that the plant needs to survive and grow.

A seed is a fertilised plant embryo enclosed in a protective coat. Germination is the process by which a seed sprouts and begins to grow into a new plant. It requires water, warmth, and oxygen — but not light at first.

Stems support the plant and contain xylem and phloem vessels that transport water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant.

Plants can reproduce sexually (using flowers, pollen, and seeds) or asexually (producing genetically identical offspring from roots, stems, or leaves). Sexual reproduction increases genetic variety; asexual reproduction is faster and reliable.