Cells

Animal cells are eukaryotic cells without a cell wall or chloroplasts, containing a nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles suspended in cytoplasm.

Cell division is the process by which one cell splits into two daughter cells. It is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction. The two main types are mitosis (producing identical cells) and meiosis (producing sex cells).

The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier surrounding every cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that capture light energy and use it to produce food through photosynthesis.

Animal and plant cells share many features — nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondria — but plant cells have three additional structures: a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.

Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for cellular respiration, converting glucose and oxygen into usable energy (ATP) for the cell.

The nucleus is the control centre of eukaryotic cells, containing DNA that carries the instructions for all cell activities.

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole — features that distinguish them from animal cells.

Study of cell structure and function as the foundation for understanding all living organisms.